![]() The first NC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s, based on existing tools that were modified with motors that moved the tool or part to follow points fed into the system on punched tape. Main article: History of numerical control These include laser cutting, welding, friction stir welding, ultrasonic welding, flame and plasma cutting, bending, spinning, hole-punching, pinning, gluing, fabric cutting, sewing, tape and fiber placement, routing, picking and placing, and sawing. ![]() Most new CNC systems built today are 100% electronically controlled.ĬNC-like systems are used for any process that can be described as movements and operations. One change has been to enclose the entire mechanism in a large box as a safety measure, often with additional safety interlocks to ensure the operator is far enough from the working piece for safe operation. On commercial metalworking machines, closed-loop controls are standard and required in order to provide the accuracy, speed, and repeatability demanded.Īs the controller hardware evolved, the mills themselves also evolved. Open-loop control works as long as the forces are kept small enough and speeds are not too great. The position of the tool is driven by direct-drive stepper motors or servo motors in order to provide highly accurate movements, or in older designs, motors through a series of step-down gears. ![]() Motion is controlling multiple axes, normally at least two (X and Y), and a tool spindle that moves in the Z (depth). ![]()
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